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Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet
The Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet was a series of battles fought during the Chinese Civil War from September 25, 1933, to October 1934 between Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang (nationalist) and the Chinese communists. During this campaign, the Kuomintang successfully overran the communist Chinese Soviet Republic and forced the communists on the run, an event later known as the Long March. Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang called this campaign the Fifth Encirclement Campaign () at the time, while the Chinese communists call it the Fifth Counter Encirclement Campaign at the Central Soviet (), also known as the Fifth Counter-Encirclement Campaign at the Central Revolutionary Base () or Fifth Extermination Campaign.
==Prelude==
After the failure of the 4th encirclement campaign in the spring of 1933, Chiang Kai-shek immediately mobilized troops for the next campaign. Nationalist troops eventually totalled more than one million, most of them being the forces of regional warlords; of which the largest percentage were men from the Guangdong warlord Chen Jitang's army of more than 300,000 (or 30% of the total nationalist force). Chen Jitang's troops were mobilized to blockade the southern border of the Jiangxi Soviet. However, most of the warlords were somewhat half-hearted towards the campaign, due to a mixture of only wanting to keep their own power and having already seen four previous campaigns fail. In the end, the majority of warlord troops only participated as block-troops and occupiers of captured communist regions. Chiang Kai-shek's own Kuomintang troops carried out the majority of the fighting.
Chiang Kai-shek was commander-in-chief of the Nationalist forces and set up his headquarters in Nanchang. In addition to mobilizing many warlords' troops, Chiang also adopted his German advisers' (Hans von Seeckt and Alexander von Falkenhausen) strategy, which involved the systematic encirclement of the Jiangxi Soviet region with fortified blockhouses. This method proved to be very effective. In an effort to break the blockade, the Red Army—under the orders of a three-man committee consisting of Bo Gu, Zhou Enlai and Li De (Otto Braun)—besieged the forts many times, but suffered heavy casualties with little success. The Jiangxi Soviet shrunk significantly due to the Chinese Red Army's disastrous loss of manpower and material throughout the year, and by the end only a handful of towns and cities remained in Communist hands.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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